Asthma Latest Research; Testing annual asthma reviews

Asthma Latest Research is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.

Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.

Asthma Latest Research

Common signs and symptoms of asthma include:

  • Coughing. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep.
  • Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.
  • Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.
  • Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can’t catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can’t get air out of your lungs.

Asthma Latest Researchl

Not all people who have asthma have these symptoms. Likewise, having these symptoms doesn’t always mean that you have asthma. The best way to diagnose asthma for certain is to use a lung function test, a medical history (including type and frequency of symptoms), and a physical exam.

The types of asthma symptoms you have, how often they occur, and how severe they are may vary over time. Sometimes your symptoms may just annoy you. Other times, they may be troublesome enough to limit your daily routine.

Severe symptoms can be fatal. It’s important to treat symptoms when you first notice them so they don’t become severe.

With proper treatment, most people who have asthma can expect to have few, if any, symptoms either during the day or at night.

Asthma Latest Researchl

Causes Asthma Symptoms To Occur for Asthma Latest Research

Many things can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms. Your doctor will help you find out which things (sometimes called triggers) may cause your asthma to flare up if you come in contact with them. Triggers may include:

  • Allergens from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers
  • Irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home décor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)
  • Medicines such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-blockers
  • Sulfites in foods and drinks
  • Viral upper respiratory infections, such as colds
  • Physical activity, including exercise

Other health conditions can make asthma harder to manage. Examples of these conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea. These conditions need treatment as part of an overall asthma care plan.

Asthma Latest Researchl

Asthma is different for each person. Some of the triggers listed above may not affect you. Other triggers that do affect you may not be on the list. Talk with your doctor about the things that seem to make your asthma worse.

Your primary care doctor will diagnose asthma based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results.

Your doctor also will figure out the severity of your asthma—that is, whether it’s intermittent, mild, moderate, or severe. The level of severity will determine what treatment you’ll start on.

You may need to see an asthma specialist if:

  • You need special tests to help diagnose asthma
  • You’ve had a life-threatening asthma attack
  • You need more than one kind of medicine or higher doses of medicine to control your asthma, or if you have overall problems getting your asthma well controlled
  • You’re thinking about getting allergy treatments

Medical and Family Histories for Asthma Latest Research

Your doctor may ask about your family history of asthma and allergies. He or she also may ask whether you have asthma symptoms and when and how often they occur.

Let your doctor know whether your symptoms seem to happen only during certain times of the year or in certain places, or if they get worse at night.

Your doctor also may want to know what factors seem to trigger your symptoms or worsen them. For more information about possible asthma triggers, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?”

Your doctor may ask you about related health conditions that can interfere with asthma management. These conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea.

Diagnostic Tests for Asthma Latest Research

Fulmonary Function Test

Your doctor will use pulmonary function tests to check how your lungs are working.

  • Spirometry – measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.
  • Bronchoprovocation tests – measure how your airways react to specific exposures. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in. Fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide tests measure how much nitric oxide is in the air you exhale. This test can be helpful to diagnose or guide asthma treatment in some patients.

Your doctor also may give you medicine and then test you again to see whether the results have improved.

If the starting results are lower than normal and improve with the medicine, and if your medical history shows a pattern of asthma symptoms, your diagnosis will likely be asthma.

OTHER TESTS

Your doctor may recommend other tests if he or she needs more information to make a diagnosis. Other tests may include:

  • Allergy testing to find out which allergens affect you, if any.
  • A test to measure how sensitive your airways are. This is called a bronchoprovocation (brong-KO-prav-eh-KA-shun) test. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in.
  • A test to show whether you have another condition with the same symptoms as asthma, such as reflux disease, vocal cord dysfunction, or sleep apnea.
  • A chest X-ray or an EKG (electrocardiogram). These tests will help find out whether a foreign object or other disease may be causing your symptoms.

Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children

Most children who have asthma develop their first symptoms before 5 years of age. However, asthma in young children (aged 0 to 5 years) can be hard to diagnose.

Sometimes it’s hard to tell whether a child has asthma or another childhood condition. This is because the symptoms of asthma also occur with other conditions.

Also, many young children who wheeze when they get colds or respiratory infections don’t go on to have asthma after they’re 6 years old.

A child may wheeze because he or she has small airways that become even narrower during colds or respiratory infections. The airways grow as the child grows older, so wheezing no longer occurs when the child gets colds.

A young child who has frequent wheezing with colds or respiratory infections is more likely to have asthma if:

  • One or both parents have asthma
  • The child has signs of allergies, including the allergic skin condition eczema
  • The child has allergic reactions to pollens or other airborne allergens
  • The child wheezes even when he or she doesn’t have a cold or other infection

The most certain way to diagnose asthma is with a pulmonary function test (spirometry), a medical history, and a physical exam. However, it’s hard to do pulmonary function tests in children younger than 5 years. Thus, doctors must rely on children’s medical histories, signs and symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.

Doctors also may use a four- to six-week trial of asthma medicines to see how well a child responds.

Testing annual asthma reviews for those who fail to attend

Abstract

Introduction: Suboptimal asthma care is related to increased morbidity and mortality. As a result, GP surgeries provide annual reviews for people with asthma. A high proportion of asthma patients do not attend their review but still collect asthma treatment from their community pharmacy. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the provision of patient non-attendance lists to community pharmacies who subsequently offered the review

Method: Five GP surgeries and ten community pharmacies were recruited in the east of England. Non-attender details were provided to community pharmacies from GP surgeries directly over a six-month period. Asthma reviews, funded by the medicines use review scheme, were delivered using standardised methodological approaches and electronic recording systems. Relevant routinely collected data were obtained before and after service provision. Stakeholder meetings were held to obtain feedback after service completion.

Results: A total of 27 patients received the service, with data collected on 26 patients. High levels of satisfaction with the service were identified. Pharmacist training, pharmacy accessibility and pharmacist competence were seen as service enablers. The pharmacy consultation room, GP surgery organisation and different IT systems were seen as barriers. A high level of satisfaction was identified, with the recommendation that the service should be offered to all patients with asthma irrespective of attendance.

Discussion and conclusion: This service model, which involved integrated working between GPs and community pharmacies and enabled asthma review non-attenders to be targeted, is in line with the recommendations of the Murray Review. Stakeholders recommended that community pharmacists should provide yearly asthma reviews and that these should be performed in close collaboration with GP surgeries.

Keywords: Asthma; asthma review; community pharmacy; GP referral; medicines use review; MUR; pharmacists.
Original submitted: 5 February 2018; Revised submitted: 29 May 2018; Accepted for publication: 25 June 2018; Published (online):

Asthma reviews should be offered when patients collect their asthma treatment from their community pharmacy.

Key points

  • The community pharmacy asthma review service (CPARS) widens patient choice and enables patients who usually do not attend at the GP surgery to receive an asthma review.
  • Patients, pharmacists and GP surgery staff all reported a high level of satisfaction with CPARS.
  • Pharmacists need to undertake additional training to enable them to provide asthma reviews at a standardised level.
  • CPARS encourages GP surgeries and community pharmacies to work together.

Introduction

Around 5.4 million people in the UK receive treatment for asthma, costing the NHS more than £1bn per year and resulting in 1.1 million lost working days. In addition, 70% of asthma-related accident and emergency (A&E) visits and hospital admissions and 90% of asthma-related deaths are believed to be preventable with appropriate treatment and monitoring. The 2015 National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) found that the number of deaths per year caused by asthma remained at 1,200. Patients from lower socioeconomic groups are also less likely to have their asthma under control than patients from higher socioeconomic groups and, consequently, asthma has more of a negative effect on their usual daily activities.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that all patients with asthma receive a structured review at least annually. The review should monitor how well the patient’s condition is controlled, and ensure that they continue to be prescribed the most effective treatment and are supported to use their therapy appropriately. The review should include provision of a written personalised action plan, an asthma control assessment and specific training in inhaler technique.

However, around 30% of asthma patients fail to attend their asthma review for many reasons, including not believing their asthma warranted a review and forgetting to attend. Prescriptions for asthma treatment continue to be collected through community pharmacies and this provides an opportunity for the asthma review to be offered when patients collect their asthma therapy. Offering additional services while patients access another health service is known to result in greater service uptake than requests for patients to receive a service via an additional appointment. With patients reporting a preference for services that have been authorised by their GP, offering patients their asthma review at the point of prescription collection in the knowledge that this has been recommended by their GP should encourage service uptake.

The use of community pharmacists to successfully identify and manage asthma has been widely reported in international literature. In the UK, several studies have demonstrated wide acceptance for, and the potential value of, community pharmacists providing medicines-related asthma and respiratory services to patients. However, none of the reported services have been delivered in close cooperation with GP surgeries, whereby patients who fail to attend their yearly review are approached by their community pharmacist.

Community pharmacists in the UK are currently remunerated to provide advice on medicines use to patients with asthma through the national medicines use review (MUR) scheme; this model has been used in both the UK and Italy to enhance the care of patients with asthma. One large-scale UK study identified that the service could be enhanced if GPs were encouraged to refer patients to the service. Latif et al. identified that the lack of collaboration between community pharmacists and GPs surrounding the delivery of MURs is a lost opportunity to enhance patient care. The consequence of community pharmacists offering the service to patients without referral from their GP is the potential for duplication of effort. Within the main UK asthma MUR service evaluation, 70% of reviews provided by community pharmacists were for patients who had already received an asthma review from their GP surgery in the previous year.

The recent review of clinical pharmacy services in the UK recommends that the existing MUR element of the pharmacy contract should be redesigned to support the management of long-term conditions; this should be better integrated with GP surgeries to ensure that patients who are most in need are identified and that services are more efficiently delivered.

Concerns regarding large numbers of unnecessary asthma-related hospitalisations to James Paget University Hospital in Great Yarmouth, UK, led the hospital, Great Yarmouth and Waveney Clinical Commissioning Group, the local pharmaceutical committees (LPCs), the Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education and the University of East Anglia to collectively develop a community pharmacy asthma review service (CPARS) for GP surgery non-attenders. This was delivered through the existing MUR service, with additional funding provided to cover the costs of involvement and data collection.

The widespread location of community pharmacies, combined with their opening hours being outside usual office hours, was seen as an opportunity to reach deprived areas and encourage attendance for those employed in roles with limited flexibility. Consequently, increasing access to asthma reviews through community pharmacies has the additional potential of reducing the known health inequalities in asthma management. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the service for acceptability and future refinement.

Method

The University of East Anglia Faculty of Medicine and Health Ethics Committee deemed the project to be a service evaluation.

A total of five GP surgeries and their ten associated community pharmacies were recruited within the Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft area. Patients who had not received an asthma review in the previous 12 months were identified and their community pharmacist informed of the need to review the patient, with their consent, when they presented for a prescription. GP surgeries decided which patient names were provided to the pharmacies; no specific exclusion criteria were set.

Pharmacist training

Fifteen pharmacists from ten community pharmacies attended six hours of training, divided over two evenings. Each pharmacy was also provided with a support pack to aid the review process. A summary of the training and support pack is provided in Box 1.

Box 1: Pharmacist training content and support pack

Pharmacist training

  • Project introduction;
  • Inhaler technique and asthma management;
  • Workshop session using In-Check™ (Alliance) device, peak flow meters and placebo inhalers;
  • Expert overview on asthma service delivery;
  • Role play with actors to undertake asthma review with formative feedback;
  • Clinical case studies;
  • The SIMPLE (stop smoking, inhaler technique, monitoring, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle and education) approach to the management of asthma.

Support pack content

  • In-Check Dial and disposable (white) mouthpieces;
  • Airzone™ (Alliance) standard peak flow meter and disposable mouthpieces (red);
  • Space chamber compact spacer device;
  • Placebo inhalers (relievers and preventers):

—Ellipta® (GlaxoSmithKline);

—Respimat® (Boehringer);

—Nexthaler® (Chiesi);

— Easyhaler® (Orion);

— DuoResp® Spiromax® (Teva Pharma);

— Metered dose inhaler (Fostair® [Chiesi]/ Ventolin™ [GlaxoSmithKline]/ Clenil® [Chiesi]);

— Turbohaler® (AstraZeneca);

— Genuair® (AstraZeneca).

  • Training devices:

—Ellipta training device;

—Turbohaler training whistles.

  • Asthma support pack (peak flow diary and blank asthma management plan in A5 wallet);
  • Steroid cards for patients receiving high dose inhaled corticosteroids;
  • Summary of British Thoracic Society treatment guidelines with current clinical commissioning group prescribing guidelines;
  • Information for patients: Staying in control of asthma.

Service design

From March 2017, the GP surgeries identified adult patients who had failed to attend their annual asthma review. Their names were provided to the participating community pharmacies and these patients were offered an annual review when they presented for their prescription. The review was arranged for a mutually convenient time. Figure 1 provides a summary of the service.

Asthma Latest ResearchlFlow chart showing the service design

Figure 1: Summary of service design

From March 2017, the GP surgeries identified adult patients who had failed to attend their annual asthma review. These patients were offered another review when they presented for their prescription, arranged for a mutually convenient time

Intervention delivery

The design and content of the asthma review was agreed by the lead respiratory nurse from James Paget University Hospital and the chief officer of Suffolk LPC, and this was used to develop the PharmOutcomes® (Pinnacle Health Partnership) — a national web-based community pharmacy intervention recording system. In addition to the standard MUR questions, the information that was assessed/discussed and subsequently collected using PharmOutcomes is provided in Box 2.

The PharmOutcomes system enables an email confirmation to be sent to the patient’s GP surgery when they have had an asthma review. This information allows the GP surgery to claim their quality and outcomes framework (QOF) points[19].

Pharmacy contractors received their MUR fee for each asthma review delivered plus a fee of £15 for completing PharmOutcomes during the process. They were paid £175 for each pharmacist that attended both training sessions, which equated to six hours of learning.

Box 2: Asthma review content recorded via Pharma Outcomes

  • Asthma Control Test;
  • Number of asthma-related attendances at accident and emergency in the past 12 months;
  • Smoking status assessment and offer of cessation service where appropriate;
  • Asthma trigger factors and plans for management;
  • Presence of symptoms of uncontrolled rhinitis;
  • Flu vaccination status and offer of flu vaccination where appropriate;
  • Adherence to current prescribed asthma medication;
  • Use of spacer for metered dose device;
  • Assessment of inhaler technique using in-check dial and associated intervention(s);
  • Measurement of peak expiratory flow rate and access to a peak flow meter;
  • Dose of inhaled corticosteroid and whether step-down therapy could be considered;
  • Need for a steroid card;
  • Identification of presence of an asthma management plan and associated intervention.

Data collection

The following quantitative and qualitative data were collected:

  • Content of pharmacist reviews;
  • Patient satisfaction;
  • Routine asthma-related data;
  • Stakeholder feedback;
  • Pharmacist review content collected via PharmOutcomes (summarised in Box 2).

Patients were asked for their preference on the mode of delivery of a service evaluation patient satisfaction questionnaire (i.e. postal or online) and sent the survey one month after service delivery. Along with an open question to allow for qualitative comments about the service, the questionnaire included questions regarding:

  • Their demographics;
  • The community pharmacy where the service was delivered;
  • The asthma control test;
  • Their satisfaction with the consultation;
  • Their willingness to receive the asthma review via this route in the future;
  • Whether they would recommend the review to others;
  • What they had changed as a result of the service.

The following data were collated by GP surgeries and provided in an anonymous format for evaluation purposes, and included all patients who received the asthma service through their community pharmacy for three months before and three months after service delivery:

  • Unplanned asthma-related hospitalisations;
  • Unplanned asthma-related GP visits;
  • Preventer inhaler use;
  • Reliever inhaler use.

Patients, GP surgery staff and pharmacists involved in the delivery of the service were invited to stakeholder meetings with the project research associate (non-pharmacist) to obtain feedback on the service. Two patient and public involvement members of the management team supported the patient stakeholder meeting and were not recorded as participants. All of the patient and pharmacist participants were independent of the project team. Two GP surgery staff who attended were seconded to the project team after the original grant had been submitted and were employed by the GP surgery that held the project grant.

Only one patient who completed the survey offered to attend a stakeholder feedback meeting. Therefore, the main GP surgery wrote to their ‘usual’ non-attenders to invite them in to identify why they do not attend and their views on offering the service through community pharmacy. Meetings were arranged at suitable times and locations, with food and remuneration for attendance provided.

The questions asked included:

  • What were your thoughts about community pharmacists providing asthma reviews?;
  • Which elements helped/hindered the delivery of the service?;
  • What was the effect of the service on your role?;
  • How could the service be upscaled/expanded?;
  • What are your thoughts on pharmacist training and support? (Pharmacist stakeholder meeting only);
  • How could the GP practice help you to attend your annual asthma review? (Patient stakeholder meeting only);
  • What barriers prevented you from attending your annual asthma review appointment? (Patient stakeholder meeting only).

Consent to record the meetings was obtained and notes were taken by a second member of the team. Two patient and public involvement panel group members assisted with the patient stakeholder meeting. The recordings were transcribed or listened to in order to check the notes for accuracy. Identified barriers, enablers and solutions were extracted by two members of the management team. Patient and public involvement members of the management team also reviewed the patient stakeholder meeting transcriptions.

Results

A total of 27 patients received the service from six different community pharmacies.

Pharmacist review content

Box 3 provides a summary of the reviews and the outcomes arising from them. The community pharmacists adhered to the requirements for service delivery and, in most cases, asthma inhaler technique was addressed during the review.

Box 3: Summary of service delivery using the SIMPLE model

Smoking cessation

  • All patients were asked about smoking status;
  • 11.1% of service recipients were smokers;

o All smokers were offered and declined smoking cessation.

Inhaler technique

  • All patients had their inhaler technique assessed;
  • 64.5% of patients were identified as having either an inappropriate technique or inhaler;
  • All patients with inappropriate inhaler devices were referred back to their GP surgery;
  • Counselling addressed inhaler technique in all remaining cases.

Monitoring

  • All patients completed the asthma control test;

o 55.6% of patients had controlled asthma;

  • 44.4% of patients had a peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of 80% or more of their predicted PEFR;
  • 40.7% of patients had a peak flow meter at home to enable self-monitoring.

Pharmacotherapy

  • 18.5% of patients had more than three short-acting beta agonists (relievers) in six months;
  • 7.4% of patients considered for a reduction in the dose of their inhaled corticosteroid (preventer);
  • 11.1% of patients required a spacer device for their inhaler.

Lifestyle

  • All patients were questioned about asthma triggers and plans to manage these triggers.

Education

  • All patients were asked about their asthma management plan;
  • 51.9% of patients were referred to obtain a plan from their GP or asthma nurse.

Patient satisfaction

In total, seven female patients completed the survey; three were aged 31–50 years, three were aged 51–65 years and one was aged over 65 years. Responses came from patients who had received the service from one of four different community pharmacies.

  • Six patients rated their asthma as ‘well controlled’ and one patient rated their asthma as ‘completely controlled’;
  • All patients agreed that they were satisfied with the information provided during the consultation;
  • All patients would have their review at the pharmacy again;
  • Six patients would recommend the service to others, while one patient was unsure;
  • Three comments were made regarding the unsuitability of the consultation rooms;
  • Two patients reported a better inhaler technique;
  • One patient reported taking their preventer inhaler more often;
  • One patient reported monitoring their condition more carefully.

Asthma-related data collection

Data were collected for 26 patients. There were six recorded unplanned asthma-related visits to the GP from six patients in the three months prior to the service and ten recorded unplanned asthma-related visits to the GP in the three months after, with four visits by one patient. There were no unplanned hospitalisations caused by asthma recorded before or after CPARS.

Stakeholder meetings

GP surgery staff

Five medical staff from three different GP surgeries attended. They identified community pharmacists not having access to patient notes as a barrier to effective service delivery, and that this was owing to incompatible IT systems. Enablers for the service were that the service reduces practice nurse time and that patients are not required to make an appointment.

The GP surgeries recommended that, in order to recruit more patients, all community pharmacies located around the practice should be involved, and that the community pharmacy route for yearly asthma review should be offered to all asthma patients and not limited to non-attenders.

Pharmacists

Four pharmacists from different community pharmacies attended and an additional pharmacist from another pharmacy was interviewed. Barriers to effective service delivery were identified as the increased time taken to complete reviews and the inability to amend prescriptions themselves. They also identified that non-attenders at GP surgeries are also frequent pharmacy non-attenders (i.e. they use relatives to collect their prescriptions). The elements that enhanced the service were the training that increased self-confidence and the support pack. Improved patient relationships were also seen as encouraging service provision.

The pharmacists recommended that marketing the service should be considered to improve uptake and that the service should be offered to all asthma patients and not just non-attenders. Consideration of how pharmacy technicians could be effectively used within the service model was also recommended.

Patients

One patient who received the service and four patients who were deemed usual ‘non-attenders’ attended the meeting The main reason stated for not attending for asthma review was a perceived lack of need. Barriers to using community pharmacies for yearly asthma reviews were lack of privacy, inadequacy and stigma of consultation rooms, lack of rapport with the community pharmacist, lack of service awareness, and that pharmacists are unable to change prescriptions. The perceived competency of community pharmacists, convenience, increase in choice, and ability to ease pressure on GPs were believed to increase service acceptability and adoption.

To improve service uptake through community pharmacies, the patients recommended better consultation rooms, provision of an online appointment system, screening for patients identified most at need through their inhaler consumption, and having compatible GP community pharmacy computer systems.

Discussion

The driver for this service development was a respiratory nurse specialist, based in secondary care, who had identified a number of preventable asthma-related hospital admissions and wanted to ensure that the NRAD report recommendations were implemented. This was particularly important in a known area of deprivation where outcomes related to asthma are known to be worse. Through the development of a multidisciplinary team, including all relevant stakeholders, it was possible to secure funding to enable the service to be proof-of-concept tested and evaluated. Alignment of the team’s aims with the recently published Murray Review was used to support the argument for funding the project. The project was largely successful owing to the central GP surgery recruiting others to take part and the LPCs aiding identification and recruitment of related community pharmacies.

Community pharmacists demonstrated that they could provide all elements of the service, as agreed at the outset of the project, therefore giving reassurance regarding service standardisation. Furthermore, patients who provided feedback on the service (although small in number) were positive regarding their overall experiences. A total of 27 patients were seen who would not normally have attended a review; two-thirds of these patients were assessed as having either an inappropriate inhaler technique or device. Consequently, the patients in need of a review were largely being identified. Half of the patients seen did not have an asthma management plan; this may be owing to their routine non-attendance for asthma review. The time allocated to the review was insufficient to develop an asthma management plan within the pharmacy and, therefore, all were referred back to their GP surgery. Similarly, so were patients who needed a dose reduction or inhaler change.

Community pharmacists reported that the reviews took between 20 minutes and 40 minutes to deliver. As a result of the perceived improvement in relationships with patients, community pharmacists reported patients returning to seek further advice and, in some cases, to have their inhaler technique rechecked. Consequently, the use of the MUR funding model as it currently stands may not be appropriate. The actual cost of service delivery and any associated follow-up meetings would need to be calculated to ensure that the activity was appropriately remunerated.

The additional cost associated with this workload within the GP surgery would hopefully be justified by improvements in patient quality of life, length of life, reductions in hospitalisation, and unplanned GP visits. However, evidence to test this assertion is not available. The service would be more efficiently delivered if the pharmacist could make the changes to the prescription, respond directly to patients requesting large numbers of reliever inhalers or small numbers of preventer inhalers, and if they were remunerated to develop asthma action plans.

Pharmacists also valued the face-to-face training. This not only improved their confidence, but also provided reassurance to the management team regarding the quality of service delivery. The provision of a support pack that included placebo devices, guidelines and an In-Check Dial was also well received because it enabled the pharmacists to effectively assess inhaler technique and respond to any problems they identified. Evaluation of the training identified the need to focus pharmacists’ time on active learning activities, and the need for the provision of insight by experts and any associated knowledge to be provided in advance.  The training over two evenings, outside normal working hours, was seen as demanding for most pharmacists as they attended after a full day at work. A preference for one day out of work for the training was stated.

The negative patient perceptions associated with a pharmacist consultation room were surprising: these included that the room was used to dispense methadone and discuss personal problems, and as such patients would not want to be seen enter­ing it. Perhaps patient views on this element of pharmacist services should be more robustly sought to identify whether the views identified here are representative and, if so, to identify what needs to change to make them more acceptable. As consultation rooms are more ubiquitously used for provision of services such as influenza vaccinations, the reported stigma associated with their use should diminish.

Perhaps the most positive result was recognition by the GP surgeries that enabling community pharmacists to provide asthma reviews could free up practice nurse time to undertake other activities. They were also supportive of the service being offered through this route for all asthma patients and not just those who do not attend asthma reviews. The pharmacist and patient stakeholder groups independently made the same recommendation. Such a proposal would require close working relationships between the GP surgery and community pharmacies, as well as sharing of records, which aligns with recent recommendations regarding how community pharmacy services should evolve.

There is also a need to consider the most appropriate funding source. If practice nurse time is freed up, then perhaps the GP surgery should fund the service. Similarly, if the service supports a number of GP surgeries, helps to meet local targets and reduces other NHS costs, the clinical commissioning group may be most appropriate to fund it. Alternatively, the national funding scheme for the MUR could be reconfigured as has been recommended for this purpose.

However, the biggest barrier to this service was the creation of non-attender lists; processes within GP surgeries varied significantly from routine list creation within standardised searches to handwritten notes provided by the practice manager. The recent government initiative to put pharmacists in GP surgeries could be used to improve this process.

The regular movement of pharmacists between pharmacies somewhat surprised the pilot study authors, and created unexpected difficulties in ensuring that there was sufficient opportunity for patients from different GP surgeries to attend a community pharmacy for an asthma review. Ultimately, participation of a further GP surgery was lost from the project as a result of this. An additional GP surgery was recruited; however, owing to its late involvement and changes in infrastructure, it failed to deliver any referrals.

Limitations

The small number of patients seen by the community pharmacists reflects the nature of this group of patients who are, by definition, hard to reach. The reasons for the low service uptake were identified as: intentional non-attendance by patients; patients not visiting community pharmacies because third parties collected their medicines; and community pharmacies who were responsible for significant proportions of participating GP surgery patients not participating in this pilot. In a future service, the inclusion of all community pharmacies and pharmacists around participating GP surgeries would help overcome some of these problems.

This was a small-scale service evaluation of a service with limited patient uptake. As a before and after study, without a control arm, it is not possible to predict what would have happened to these patients if this service had not been provided or how much of the change seen is just owing to the regression to the mean (i.e. the phenomenon that when a variable is found to be extreme at the first measurement, it is likely to be closer to the mean on the second measurement).

Similarly, feedback was obtained from a small proportion of patients and other stakeholders. Ideally, data would have been collected on the number of names provided to the pharmacies to determine the recruitment rate; however, this was not considered when this service was set up. Consequently, it is important that the limited quality of these data and evaluation is recognised.

Conclusion

This proof-of-concept service evaluation suggests that the asthma service is both feasible and acceptable, and this is part of the process of developing a definitive trial for evaluation of such a complex intervention. It also provides some insight into the barriers and enablers to its delivery. For the service to work, pharmacists need to be adequately prepared, the remuneration model needs careful consideration, and GP surgery systems for patient identification need to be organised to enable effective communication. Better integration of record systems would help, as would the pharmacists being able to prescribe themselves. The inclusion of pharmacy technicians within the process also needs to be considered.

The next step would be to scale up this service and test it across a geographical area where all GP surgeries, practice-based pharmacists and community pharmacists are actively engaged. Ideally, a more formal evaluation could then be undertaken to enable modelling for service effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.

This innovative approach to improving patient understanding and management of their asthma through access to another healthcare professional who is perceived as competent to deliver the service should be considered by commissioners. This is particularly important if there is a desire to meet the NRAD recommendations that were designed to reduce the large number of preventable asthma deaths occurring each year in the UK[3].

References

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node

https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/research-article/testing-annual-asthma-reviews-for-those-who-fail-to-attend-proof-of-concept-study/20205089.article#fn_16

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pulmonary-function-tests

https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/research-article/testing-annual-asthma-reviews-for-those-who-fail-to-attend-proof-of-concept-study/20205089.article#fn_4

https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/research-article/testing-annual-asthma-reviews-for-those-who-fail-to-attend-proof-of-concept-study/20205089.article

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node/4894

https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/research/research-article/testing-annual-asthma-reviews-for-those-who-fail-to-attend-proof-of-concept-study/20205089.article#fn_4

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/node/3888

Leave a comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *